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CHINA INSTITUTIONS – PART 2 I. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS An economy where supply and price are regulated by the governemnt and not by the free market. People's Republic of China, in existence since 1949. Yes, the role of the Constitution is to be the highest law of China. Communist Democratic Centralism Socialist with Chinese characteristics The CCP, the CMC, and the basic governmental institutions all govern China together. The CCP The amount of political connections someone has in order to move up in the hierarchy. The government tells you what to think It is how leaders learn from the people and create public policy He wanted to modernize industry, military, agriculture and science in China He wanted to advance the Chinese culture and economy and to rule in favor of the overwhelming majority of the people.
 * 1) **China has always operated under a Command Economy. What does this mean?**
 * 1) **What is the formal name of the country? How long in existence?**
 * 1) **Does China operate under a Constitution? What is the role of the Constitution?**
 * 1) **What type of Government is the PRC?**
 * 1) **What is the organizing principle of Chinese Communist Government?**
 * 1) **What type of government organization does the country operate under?**
 * 1) **What do I mean by the concept that “the CCP and the government are 3 parallel hierarchies”?**
 * 1) **Where does the real power lie in China?**
 * 1) **What is the Guanxi? Nomenklatura?**
 * 1) **What is meant by the concept “the official truth” in China or the “government designated truth”?**
 * 1) **What is the “Mass Line” in Chinese politics?**
 * 1) ** The 1980’s Mass Line was the “Four Modernizations”? Explain Deng’s ideas here? **
 * 1) **The 2000 Mass Lien was Jiang’s “Three Represents”. Explain these ideas.**


 * GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS**

Hu Jintao President The President must be a Chinese citizen, aged 45 or older. 5 years, renewable once consecutively The National People's Congress (NPC) elects the President The position is largely ceremonial; the President appoints the Premier upon the NPC's decision, Vice-Premiers, State Council members and Ministers of all departments upon the nomination of the Premier, all ambassadors to foreign countries, and all legislative committee chairs, treasurers and secretaries. The President can give Special Presidential Decrees and declare states of emergency.
 * Executive Branch**
 * A.) Head of State:**
 * 14.) Title?**
 * 15.) qualifications?**
 * 16.) Term of office and term limits?**
 * 17.) Selection Process?**
 * 18.) Role / Powers / Function?**
 * 19.) Role of the Vice – President?** Assist the President and replace him should he resign or die in office. In reality the position of the Vice-President is basically ceremonial.

In theory, the candidate is approved by the National People's Congress after being nominated by the President. In practice, though, the candidate is recommended by the Politburo of the CCP. The premier is responsible for organizing and administering the Chinese civil bureaucracy. He oversees the various ministries, departments, commissions, and statutory agencies.The Premier is the Head of the National Defence Mobilization Committee. The State Council is composed of a premier, vice-premiers, State councillors, ministers in charge of ministries and commissions, and the auditor-general and the secretary-general. It is responsible for carrying out the principles and policies of the Communist Party of China as well as the regulations and laws adopted by the NPC, and dealing with such affairs as China's internal politics, diplomacy, national defense, finance, economy, culture and education. The members of the State Council derive their authority from being members of the state, but at the same time, as members of the Party they coordinate their activities and determine key decisions. (no real separation of party and state)
 * B.)** **Head of Government**
 * 20.) Title?** Premier (Prime Minister)
 * 21.) qualifications?**
 * 22.) Term of office and term limits?** 5 years, renewable once consecutively
 * 23.) Selection Process?**
 * 24.) Role / Powers / Function?**
 * 25.) What is the Chinese Bureaucracy called?** the State Council
 * 26.) How is the State Council organized?**
 * 27.) What is the role of the State Council?**
 * 28.) How does the State Council help and hinder the formulation of policy?**

the national defense organization of the People's Republic of China. Nominally, it is elected by the National People's Congress and theoretically reports to the Congress, but is in practice indistinguishable from the CCP Ideological "correctness" was temporarily revived as the dominant theme in Chinese military affairs**.** The massacre also hurt the image of the PLA. He is the first Chinese leader to hold the 3 positions of President, General Secretary, and Chairman of the CMC.
 * C.)** **The CMC – Central Military Commission**
 * 29.)****What is it?**
 * 30.)****Number of Members?** 11(President, Premier & the most powerful political elites of CCP)
 * 31.)****Selection Process?**
 * 32.)****Role / Powers / Function?** Command the entire armed forces of the country
 * 33.)****Compare Chinese Military with US military?** China’s military is huge (the largest standing army in the world) with over 3 million active and 12 million in reserves. However, the Chinese military has a smaller presence than the US military.
 * 34.)****What impact did Tiananmen Square have on the PLA?**
 * 35.)****Why is Hu Jintao historic in reference to the Chinese political system?**


 * Legislative Branch**
 * 36.)****Where is Chinese state authority formally vested?**
 * //Standing Committee.//**
 * 37.)****Key Idea is that the smallest groups within the larger institution or organization has the real power.**
 * //Quasi-constitutional.//**
 * 38.)****What is the title / name of the top legislative body in the government? (The Highest Organ of State Power)**
 * //National Party Congress.//**
 * a.) Number of Members?**
 * //2,979.//**
 * b.) Selection Process?**
 * //Elections of conducted by the Standing Committee and are held 2 months before the ending of the current NPC.//**
 * c.) When does this group meet?**
 * //Meet once a year for about 2-3 weeks. Usually in March and April.//**
 * d.) Term of Office? Limits on Terms?**
 * //They serve a 5 year term.//**
 * e.) Role / Powers / Functions?**
 * // The NPC is empowered to amend the constitution; supervise the enforcement of the constitution; and elect the president and vice president of the People’s Republic, chairman of the state Central Military Commission, president of the Supreme People’s Court, and procurator general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate //**.
 * f.) How does the NPC work?**
 * //The NPC meets and discusses issues involving war. If the NPC is not in session the Standing Committee takes power.//**
 * g.) List and explain the hierarchical levels of the NPC.**


 * The Judiciary**
 * 39.) Describe the Chinese Judicial System.**
 * //It is divided into a four-level court system. It technically operates independently of administrative organs, public organizations, and individuals. The procurators are like the prosecutors and couple the court.//**
 * 40.) Name of the Highest Court?**
 * //Supreme People’s Court in Beijing//**
 * 41.) Selection Process?**
 * //Chosen from lower courts//**
 * 42.) Qualifications?**
 * //Must work their way through the judicial branch, starting at the local court system//**
 * 43.) Term of Office?**
 * //Limited to 2 consecutive terms//**
 * 44.) Role / Powers / Functions?**
 * //Supervises the administration of courts at lower levels//**
 * 45.) What is the People’s Procuratorate?**
 * //The hierarchy of prosecuting organs that act as prosecutors or district attorneys//**
 * 46.) Does China have Rule of law?**
 * //Yes, China does have Rule of law.//**
 * 47.) How successful is the Chinese criminal justice system?**
 * //It is not very successful because the legal system is not fair. The trials are not really trials, they are sentencing hearings. They arrest the guilty along with the innocent.//**
 * 48.) REFORMS TO THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN CHINA –How has the Chinese legal system been reformed in recent years? And Why?**
 * //China’s legal system was changed to make the trials more like sentencing hearings and the conviction rate increased to 90%. Death sentences are also given quickly in politically sensitive trials to avoid conflict.//**